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  • Crystalline silica – technical fact sheet (Simplified Chinese)
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Crystalline silica – technical fact sheet (Simplified Chinese)

结晶二氧化硅——技术资料

本技术资料解释了接触可吸入结晶二氧化硅的风险

结晶二氧化硅是常见的天然矿物,用于各行各业的多种产品和材料。采取适当的控制措施(例如尽量减少空气中粉尘的产生)可减少危险暴露并预防疾病。

暴露源

含有结晶二氧化硅的材料和产品包括页岩、砂岩、混凝土、砖块和人造石。在需要开挖或穿过石英岩(如页岩和砂岩)的工程施工时,工人可能会接触结晶二氧化硅。结晶二氧化硅产品在固体形式下无害。
吸入非常细小的结晶二氧化硅颗粒会对健康造成危害。这种空气中的粉尘被称为可吸入结晶二氧化硅或 RCS。
工作中对含有二氧化硅的材料或产品进行切割、打磨、钻孔等处理,或开展任何可能产生微小粉尘的工作时,最有可能产生大量有害粉尘。受到二氧化硅污染的衣物或纺织材料表面使用干扫或压缩空气清洁方式时也可能造成在工作场所的二次暴露。

健康影响

可吸入结晶二氧化硅会导致一系列严重疾病,包括矽肺病、肺癌和肾病,具体取决于工人吸入粉尘的量和时间。矽肺病是一种肺部纤维化(瘢痕形成),导致肺功能丧失。这种纤维化无法治愈,在停止接触后仍会继续发展。任何患有晚期矽肺病的人都可能出现严重的呼吸困难,并可能伴有心力衰竭等并发症。
矽肺病可分为以下几类:

  • 慢性(或典型)矽肺病,常见于有十年或以上接触历史的工人
  • 加速性硅肺病,在工人短暂接触高浓度二氧化硅(一至十年)后出现
  • 急性硅肺病,通常在工人接触超高浓度二氧化硅一年内出现。急性矽肺病会对健康造成极其严重的影响,并危及生命。

长期接触可吸入结晶二氧化硅也会增加罹患肺癌的风险。

标注及安全数据文件

若某产品含有结晶二氧化硅等危险物质,其制造商需要对该产品附上标注并提供最新的安全数据文件(SDS)。安全数据文件将提供产品成分的详细信息及危害标识和预防信息,并包含工程控制和个人防护设备等控制措施建议。供应商和进口商还必须确保向工作场所提供的这些产品附有正确的标签并提供相应安全数据文件。
经营公司或事业单位(PCBU 的人员必须取得安全数据文件的副本,并确保其工作场所中使用、处理、储存或加工涉及结晶二氧化硅活动的员工随时可获取该安全数据文件。

工作场所暴露标准及空气监测

可吸入结晶二氧化硅的工作场所暴露标准(WES)为8小时平均浓度为 0.05毫克/立方米,若工作班次较长(如12小时的班次),则WES会相应调整。PCBU 必须确保工作场所中没有人接触有害物质的程度会超过接触标准,并须尽可能减少接触。

PCBU对下列情况需进行空气监测,以确定有WES标准的物质或混合物的在空气中的浓度:

  • 基于合理原因无法确定工作场所空气中的RCS 浓度是否超过RCS的WES标准,或
  • 需要进行监测以确定工作场所的 RCS 是否存在健康风险。

空气监测结果必须提供给工人。结果记录须保存 30 年。

空气监测必须由具备相应资格的人员进行,并应在工人轮班期间在工人的呼吸区监测,以测量他们在正常工作活动中接触的平均量。

2024 年 9 月 1 日之后进行的空气监测若结果超过WES标准,均须通知SafeWork NSW。您必须在收到报告后的 14 天内通过在线通知表向SafeWork NSW报告。

如何报告工作场所暴露标准(WES)超标。

健康监测

若工人的健康可能因持续接触可吸入结晶二氧化硅而面临重大风险,则 PCBU 必须为工人提供健康监测。

2017 年《工作场所健康与安全法规》附表 14 规定了健康监测要求,并将结晶二氧化硅列于其中。

PCBUs必须:

  • 向工人告知健康监测的要求
  • 使用具有健康监测经验的注册医疗人员
  • 向医疗人员提供具体资料
  • 获取健康监测报告的副本
  • 向工人提供报告副本
  • 若工人因接触结晶二氧化硅患病或受伤,或报告内容包含任何对工作场所的补救措施建议,则必须向SafeWork NSW提供健康监测报告的副本
  • 健康监测记录须保存30年。

若工人接触RCS的水平或频率不会对其健康造成重大风险,则无需接受健康监测。若工人使用呼吸器等个人防护设备(PPE)将接触量控制在接触标准以下,也必须接受健康监测。

如何向 SafeWork NSW 通报不良健康监测报告。

控制措施

若无法根除健康和安全风险,则必须采用分级控制措施来将风险降至最低。例如,您必须在合理可行的情况下采用以下控制措施来控制 RCS的接触风险:

  • 使用水抑制系统减少粉尘产生
  • 使用本地排气通风系统来清除源头处的空气粉尘
  • 确保此类通风系统位置正确并以有效流量运行
  • 在工具上使用除尘系统,以减少流动工作者接触粉尘的机会
  • 隔离工作场所中产生粉尘的区域
  • 确保定期对有尘工作区域进行清洁,以防止粉尘积聚
  • 提供合适的个人防护装备(PPE),包括正确佩戴、指导使用和确保定期维护呼吸防护设备(RPE)的计划。

控制措施必须定期审查和修订,以保持其效力。必须与工人及工作场所的健康安全代表协商完成对工作系统和程序的任何变更。

任何参与高风险二氧化硅工作活动的工人,或可能因该工作活动而面临 RCS 暴露风险的工人都必须完成经批准的结晶二氧化硅培训课程。

新南威尔士州有一套现行标准,符合该标准的课程才可满足培训要求。

换言之,如果您制定的内部培训或安排的第三方培训符合该标准,将被视为“监管机构批准的培训”。目前的已获批课程仍然可用。

即使您的工人不从事高风险工作,您仍须向可能在工作场所接触 RCS的任何人提供适当的信息、指导、培训或监督。

剩余人造石

2024 年 7 月 1 日起,禁止从事任何涉及人造石材制造、供应、加工或安装的工作。该禁令适用于由结晶二氧化硅含量超过 1% 的人造石制成的台面、面板和板坯。

如果您或您的工人要对 2024 年 7 月 1 日之前安装的人造石材产品(称为剩余人造石)进行拆除、修理或做小幅改动,必须通知SafeWork NSW。该通知要求也适用于人造石的丢弃,无论是否已安装。

何时通知:

  • 每年一次,报告对今后 12 个月处理工作的类型和数量的预估
  • 开始工作或指导工人工作前
  • 工作发生变化时(如频率或类型),无论之前是否已通知过。

如果您在不知情的情况下处理了剩余人造石,必须立即通知。

如何通知留存人造石的工作。

更多信息

行为准则

以下行为准则条例就如何履行法律义务提供了使用指导和信息:

  • Managing the risks of hazardous chemicals in the workplace (PDF, 1171.43 KB)
  • Preparation of safety data sheets for hazardous chemicals (PDF, 3030.68 KB)
  • Labelling of workplace hazardous chemicals (PDF, 1176.83 KB)
  • Construction work (PDF, 1014.41 KB)

Safe Work Australia指引材料

  • Working with crystalline silica substances – guidance for PCBUs
  • Workplace exposure standards for airborne contaminants (2022)
  • Guidance on the interpretation of Workplace exposure standards for airborne contaminants
  • Health monitoring for persons conducting a business or undertaking guide
  • Health monitoring when you work with hazardous chemicals guide
  • Guide for tunnelling work

澳大利亚的标准

  • AS/NZS 1715-2009 Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protection
  • AS/2985-2009 Workplace atmospheres method for sampling and gravimetric determination of respirable dust

其它资源

  • Crystalline silica
  • Legacy engineered stone notification
  • Crystalline silica general fact sheet
  • Crystalline silica general fact sheet in Arabic
  • Crystalline silica general fact sheet in Simplified Chinese
  • Crystalline silica general fact sheet in Vietnamese
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